Introduction: Trifolium is one of the important genus in Fabaceae family comprises 250 annual and perenial species in the world. Between annual species in Vesicaria section specially T. tomentosum, T.bullatum and T. clusii have similarity specially in flower and fruit morphology, so their distinction is difficult.Aim: Morphological study of pollen grain in these species were used for evaluating the Zohary classification in this section.Material and method: Specimen from Vesicaria section was gathered from different parts of Iran. By using SEM, P, E, PIE and furrow length, ornamentation of exine surface in equitorial and polar view, were specified for each species in 3 samples.Result: Pollen shape is oblong, and ornamentation of pollen surface is reticulate to rugose. The largest pollen grain belongs to T.fragiferum and the smallest one belongs to T.clusii. The characters such as ornamentation surface, P, E and furrow length were considered as the most important resource of variation by factor analysis. The species identification key were prepared accordingly.Conclusion: These results showed that pollen sculpture can separate T. tomentosun from T. bullatum that have similarity in morphology. Also, the most varieties characters such as P, E and exine sculpture, can identify other species.

GERMAN: Mystischen Lichterfahrungen und ihre metaphysischen Deutungen gibt es in allen groß en Religionen und Ü berlieferungen. Die islamische Lichtmetaphysik nimmt dabei eine hervorragende Stellung ein. Im Besonderen gilt dies fü r Š ihā b al-Dī n Yaḥ ya al-Suhrawardī (1154-1209), einen persischen Mystiker und Philosophen, der in seinen lichtmetaphysischen Darlegungen zahlreiche vorislamische Ü berlieferungen einbezieht und deutet. ENGLISH: In the context of Islamic illumination and metaphysics as a whole, the metaphysics of illumination of the Iranian mystic and philosopher, Š ihā b addī n Yaḥ yā Suhrawardī (1154-1209), is undoubtedly a significant highlight. After a brief overview of Suhrawardī 's life and works, this paper outlines the main features of his mystical-metaphysical theory of illumination. First, it is clearly indicated that the basis and starting point of Suhrawardī 's metaphysics is the Qur’ an. Then, in a first step, a brief overview of the classification of the lights is given. In a second step, the individual stages and orders of the manifestations and signs of the divine light are described. Thereafter, the views of lights and the steps on the mystical path to the divine light are presented. The attitude of the ancient Iranian religion and the Platonic-Plotinian philosophy mentioned by Suhrawardī are also taken into consideration.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) accounts for 2-5% of all strokes, and 10%‐, 15% of aSAH patients will not survive until hospital admission. Induced hypertension (IH) is an emerging therapeutic option being used for the treatment of vasospasm in aSAH. For patients with cerebral vasospasm (CVS) consequent to SAH, IH is implemented to increase systolic blood pressure (SBP) in order to optimize cerebral blood flow (CBF) and prevent delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Prophylactic use of IH has been associated with the development of vasospasm and cerebral ischemia in SAH patients. Various trials have defined several different parameters to help clinicians decide when to initiate IH in a SAH patient. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend therapeutic IH in aSAH due to the possible serious complications like myocardial ischemia, development of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), pulmonary edema, and even rupture of another unsecured aneurysm. This narrative review showed the favorable impact of IH therapy on aSAH patients,however, it is crucial to conduct further clinical and molecular experiments to shed more light on the effects of IH in aSAH. . .

Objective (s): Intermittent hypoxia (IH), caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), could cause hippocampus or neuron damage through multiple signaling pathways, while the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the effect of IH on the biological functions of microglia cells.Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation of BV2 cells after exposure to IH were observed by MTT assay and then DNA damage was detected by comet assay. RNA-sequencing assay was performed in cells under IH condition and normal conditions to find out the differentially expressed genes, which were further confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot assay.Results: As results, IH inhibited the proliferation of BV2 cells, as well as caused DNA damage. RNA-sequencing assay revealed 4 differentially expressed genes (p21, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2, and Gadd45α) which were associated with the network of P53 signaling pathways in BV2 cells, among which, p21 and Gadd45α were dramatically increased while Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E2 were both decreased significantly. Moreover, inflammatory factors including IL-6, TNF-a and iNOS were significantly up-regulated in microglia cells under IH conditions for 8 hr.Conclusion: Our results indicated that IH could inhibit cyclin D1 and cyclin E2 expression via initiating multiple P53 pathways, which further blocked cell cycle transition and attenuated proliferative capability of BV2 cells. Meanwhile, IH activated inflammation reactions in BV2 cells. Present study elaborate the effects of IH on biological functions of microglia and provide theoretical foundation for further study on new therapy methods for OSA.

BACKGROUND: The effect of ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric (II-IH) nerve block on postoperative pain is well documented when performed before Caesarean section (CS) but the efficacy remains unclear when performed after the surgical procedure. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of II-IH nerve block on postoperative pain and analgesic consumption in patients when performed after CS.METHODS: Sixty ASA I-II patients, scheduled for elective CS were included in the study. After general anaesthesia, patients were allocated into 2 groups randomly. In group I bilateral II-IH block has been performed after the skin closure, with 10 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine on each side. In group II sham block had been performed. For postoperative analgesia all patients received tramadol via i.v patient controlled analgesia. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scored tramadol consumption and side effects.RESULTS: The mean VAS scores in II-IH block group were significantly lower than in sham block group at 6th, 8th, 12th , 24th hours at rest (p<0.05) and at 6th, 8th hours with movement (p<0.05). Tramadol usage in II-IH block group was significantly less than in sham block group at all estimated time intervals (p< 0.05). Total tramadol consumption was 331±82 mg in II-IH block group and 622±107 mg in sham block group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that II-IH nerve block when performed after the surgery may reduce analgesic consumption after CS.

Background: Chronic pelvic/groin pain (CP/GP) is a debilitating condition with various treatment options, including nerve blocks. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (II/IH) nerve block and the combination of genitofemoral (GF) and II/IH nerve block in patients with CP/GP.Methods: This retrospective quasi-experimental (longitudinal) study was conducted at Labbafinejad Hospital (Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran) and assessed the medical records of 54 patients with CP/GP. Patients alternately received interventions from an experienced pain specialist. Twenty-six patients received the II/IH plus GFN block, and 28 patients received the II/IH nerve block alone. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores (before and 1, 2, and 3 months after intervention) available in medical records were extracted for all patients.Results: In the first (P=0.019), second (P=0.015), and third month (P=0.021) following the intervention, patients in the G+I group consistently reported significantly lower pain severity compared to patients in the I group. Patients with pain from surgical causes demonstrated significantly better treatment response than those with idiopathic causes in the second (P=0.014, 0.021) and third months (P=0.015, 0.026) post-intervention in the G+I group compared to the I group.Conclusion: Both II/IH nerve block and II/IH nerve block plus GFN block are effective in treating CP/GP. However, patients who received II/IH nerve block plus GFN block demonstrated a better treatment response than those who received II/IH nerve block alone. Additionally, it is worth noting that patients with pain from surgical causes reported lower pain intensity compared to patients with idiopathic causes in both treatment groups.